This study investigates the dynamic changes in average innovativeness across European Union (EU) member states over time. Utilizing longitudinal data and statistical analyses, we assess the trajectory of innovation levels and identify trends within the EU. By examining key indicators of innovation, including research and development expenditure, patent filings, and innovation policy initiatives, we elucidate the evolving landscape of innovation within and across EU countries. Our findings contribute to a deeper understanding of innovation dynamics in the EU and provide insights into the factors driving changes in average innovativeness over time.

Innovativeness, European Union, Longitudinal analysis

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