Temporary separation from primary caregivers can significantly influence attachment styles and overall adjustment in young children, particularly during critical developmental stages such as first grade. This study investigates the impact of temporary separation on attachment styles and adjustment among first-grade Iranian children through a mixed-methods approach. Quantitative data were collected via standardized attachment and adjustment scales, while qualitative insights were gathered through interviews with children and parents. Results suggest varied responses to separation based on attachment styles, with implications for emotional regulation and social adaptation. The findings underscore the complex interplay between temporary separation, attachment dynamics, and psychosocial adjustment in early childhood.

The effectiveness of university counseling services is paramount for fostering student well-being, academic success, and overall development. This study aims to identify and analyze the key determinants that contribute to the effectiveness of counseling services in higher education institutions. By reviewing existing literature and conducting empirical research, this paper examines factors such as accessibility, counselor qualifications, student engagement, confidentiality, and the integration of technology. The findings highlight the importance of a holistic approach that incorporates diverse elements to enhance the efficacy of counseling services. Recommendations for policy-makers and practitioners are provided to optimize the support systems available to students, ultimately contributing to a more supportive and nurturing academic environment.