This study investigates the intricate relationship between competition dynamics and profitability within the banking sector. As financial markets evolve, banks encounter varying levels of competitive pressure that influence their strategic decisions and financial performance. Using a comprehensive dataset of banking institutions across multiple regions, this research employs econometric models to analyze how changes in market competition affect key profitability metrics, such as return on assets (ROA) and return on equity (ROE). The findings reveal that increased competition generally leads to narrower profit margins due to heightened price competition and higher operational costs. However, banks that successfully adapt their strategies, such as through innovation or cost optimization, can mitigate the adverse effects and even enhance profitability. The study also explores the role of regulatory frameworks and market structure in shaping these dynamics. The results provide valuable insights for policymakers and banking executives seeking to understand and navigate the competitive landscape to sustain profitability and ensure sector stability.

This study explores the social discount rate in Iran through the lens of time preference, offering a nuanced perspective on how future benefits and costs are valued in the context of Iranian economic and social policies. The social discount rate is crucial for evaluating long-term projects and policies, influencing decisions on investment, environmental conservation, and infrastructure development. Traditional approaches to discounting often rely on generalized rates, which may not accurately reflect the specific economic and cultural context of a country.

Utilizing a time preference measure, this research assesses how Iranian individuals and policymakers value future outcomes relative to present benefits. The study employs a combination of survey data, econometric models, and case studies to estimate the time preference rate and derive the social discount rate tailored for Iran. The analysis considers various factors, including economic conditions, cultural attitudes towards time and investment, and policy implications.

The findings indicate a distinct time preference profile in Iran, characterized by a higher social discount rate compared to some international benchmarks. This reflects a relatively greater emphasis on immediate benefits over future gains within the Iranian context. The results have significant implications for public policy and investment planning, suggesting a need for adjustments in discounting practices to better align with local preferences and priorities.